Comparative analysis Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Comparative analysis - Research Paper Example While both paintings are inspired by biblical readings, Michelangelo’s painting is from a story in the beginning of biblical times while Giotto’s painting is a vision of the end. Both paintings are divided in the middle, depicting opposites of events on either side. In the Fall and Expulsion from Garden of Eden, the image is divided by the controversial Tree of Knowledge, with the left side showing Adam and Eve enjoying the bliss of paradise while the right side showing them being ousted by an angel from the garden to fend for themselves. In Giotto’s Last Judgment, the image is likewise divided on the lower half with a cross dividing the picture into visions of those called to heaven and those thrown to hell. Both paintings show visions of the enjoyment of God’s grace as well as the consequences of sin. Michelangelo Buonarroti (1475-1564) was placed under the tutelage of a number of gifted artists ever since he was a young boy. Critics believe his work was influenced by the masters, Leonardo, Giotto and Poliziano. They were impressed by the boy’s extreme sensitivity, and his combination of energy and talent. Michelangelo was commissioned to paint the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel by the Pope himself for his own personal worship space (awakentoprayer.org). The Fall and Expulsion from Garden of Eden is just one of the panels devoted to Creation. The flow of the story of the image is from left to right. On the left side, a relaxed couple is shown enjoying the fruit from the forbidden tree while the background denotes lush and abundance. The serpent entwines itself to the tree while tempting Adam and Eve. It symbolically divides the image denoting its representation of man’s separation from God’s graces as the couple is ousted from the garden. The right side shows total desolation and the look of frustration and regret in the couple’s faces while an angel drives them away (Web Gallery of Art). Giotto di Bondon e (1266-1337) is another renowned Italian artist whose works have been influenced by Pietro Cavallini, Nicola and Giovanni Pisano. In 1304, he began a series of 38 frescoes in the Scrovegni (Arena) Chapel in Padua which mostly depict biblical images His works builds up a rhythm from solemn and slow-moving to supremely forceful drama but are filled with compassion (Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia). He is also adept in the use of space, adding appropriate figures in the background culled from his own interpretation of the image making them powerful visions. In The Last Judgment, Giotto paints the top part to show heaven with Jesus in the middle and the apostles at both sides while the lower part shows the chosen that are blessed to enter the gates of heaven on the left side and the doomed that are sent to hell on the right side. Archangels Michael and Raphael are in the middle holding the cross (artbible.info). Ladis suggests that Giotto’s wit and humor is evident in his work especially in his treatment of hell in the painting. Those subjected to eternal damnation are depicted trying their best to escape their judgment but none can hide, as everyone is owned by Satan (586). Both artists are expert in capturing the emotions of the subjects and in turn, evoking the emotions of their viewers. Michelangelo has been known to be a master in the human form, and this shows

Assessment And Management Of Diabetic Ketoacidosis

Assessment And Management Of Diabetic Ketoacidosis Diabetic Ketoacidosis: Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) results from absolute or relative deficiency of circulating insulin (Kitabchi AE, Umpierrez GE, Murphy MB, Kreisberg RA, 2006). DKA is characterized by severe depletion of water and electrolytes from both the intra and extracellular fluid compartments. Despite their dehydration, patients continue to maintain normal blood pressure and have considerable urine output until extreme volume depletion and shock occurs leading to a critical decrease in renal blood flow and glomerular filtration. Assessment: Perform a clinical evaluation to confirm the diagnosis and determine its cause. Carefully look for evidence of infection. Also weigh the patient. Assess clinical severity of dehydration. Assess level of consciousness using Glasgow coma scale [GCS]. Management: Laboratory blood glucose should be measured at diagnosis. An ECG monitor should be applied until the patient is stable. Consulate the Diabetes Team as soon as possible for a decision on continuing management. Transfer to subcutaneous (SC) insulin one the patient is able to eat and drink properly. Do not stop the IV insulin until SC insulin has been given. Patient with known diabetes should go back to their previous insulin regimen. If possible identify the precipitating cause of DKA. Always inform the Diabetes Team so that education can be given to reduce the risk of future episodes of DKA. Hyperosmolar non ketotic coma (HONK): Type 2 diabetes, usually in patients over 60 years. This condition is characterized by hyperglycemia and high plasma osmolality without significant keton-uria or acidosis (Pinies JA, Cairo G, Gaztambide S, et al.1994). Assessment: Same as Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) but look for precipitating medical condition, e.g. sepsis, myocardial infarction etc Management: Management of Hyperosmolar non ketotic coma is same as DKA . Also the insulin infusion rate should be halved as paradoxically these patients can be quite insulin sensitive. Elderly patients are more likely to need a CVP line to optimize fluid replacement. Risk of thromboembolic disease is high anticoagulant fully if no contraindications. Most patient can be managed with oral hypoglycemic agents or diet, but recovery of insulin may take time and insulin may be required for few weeks. Hypoglycemia: Hypoglycemia is the result of a mismatch between insulin dose, food consumed, and recent exercise and is rarely, if ever, a spontaneous event (Kovatchev BP, Cox DJ, Farhy LS, Straume M, Gonder-Frederick L, Clarke WL,2003).Because it can be accompanied by unpleasant, embarrassing, and potentially dangerous symptoms and because it causes significant anxiety and fear in the patient and their caregivers, its occurrence is a major limiting factor in attempts to achieve near normal BG levels (Clarke WL, Gonder-Frederick A, Snyder AL, Cox DJ 1998,Cryer PE 2002). Assessment: Each hypoglycaemic episode should be assessed carefully to determine its cause evaluating the insulin action profile (time of insulin administration, peak insulin action and intensity of insulin action). Check the recent food intake (timing and amount of carbohydrates eaten and peak BG effect on recent food. Also check recent physical activity (timing, duration and intensity). Also check and missed signs and symptoms of early hypoglycaemia. Management: Management of hypoglycemia involves immediately raising the blood sugar to normal, determining the cause, and taking measures to hopefully prevent future episodes. Initially Glucose 10-20 g is given by mouth either in liquid form or as granulated sugar (2 teaspoons) or sugar lumps (Smeeks FC, 2006). If hypoglycemia causes unconsciousness, or patient is unco-operative, 50 mL of glucose intravenous (IV) infusion 20% can be given. Alternatively, 25 mL of glucose intravenous infusion 50% may be given, but this higher concentration is viscous, making administration difficult; it is also more irritant. Once the patient regains consciousness oral glucose should be administered as above. References : Kitabchi AE, Umpierrez GE, Murphy MB, Kreisberg RA. Hyperglycemic crises in adult patients with diabetes: a consensus statement from the American Diabetes Association. Diabetes Care 2006 Dec: 29(12): 2739-48. Hanas R, Lindgren F, Lindblad B. A 2-yr national population study of pediatric ketoacidosis in Sweden: predisposing conditions and insulin pump use. Pediatr Diabetes 2009 Feb: 10(1): 33-7. McDonnell CM, Pedreira CC, Vadamalayan B, Cameron FJ, Werther GA. Diabetic ketoacidosis, hyperosmolarity and hypernatremia: are high-carbohydrate drinks worsening initial presentation? Pediatr Diabetes 2005 Jun: 6(2): 90-4. Rewers A, Klingensmith G, Davis C, Petitti DB, Pihoker C, Rodriguez B, et al. Presence of diabetic ketoacidosis at diagnosis of diabetes mellitus in youth: the Search for Diabetes in Youth Study. Pediatrics 2008 May: 121(5): e1258-66. Pinies JA, Cairo G, Gaztambide S, et al. Course and prognosis of 132 patients with diabetic non ketotic hyperosmolar state. Diabete Metab 1994; 20: 43-48. Kovatchev BP, Cox DJ, Kumar A, Gonder-Frederick L, Clarke WL. Algorithmic evaluation of metabolic control and risk of severe hypoglycemia in type 1 and type 2 diabetes using self-monitoring blood glucose data. Diabetes Technol Ther 2003: 5: 817-828. Kovatchev BP, Cox DJ, Farhy LS, Straume M, Gonder-Frederick L, Clarke WL. Episodes of severe hypoglycemia in type 1 diabetes are preceded and followed within 48 hours by measurable disturbances in blood glucose. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2000: 85: 4287-4292. Clarke WL, Gonder-Frederick A, Snyder AL, Cox DJ. Maternal fear of hypoglycemia in their children with insulin dependent diabetes mellitus. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 1998: 11(Suppl. 1) : 189-194. Cryer PE. Hypoglycaemia: the limiting factor in the glycaemic management of type I and type II diabetes. Diabetologia 2002: 45: 937-948. Strategies for Dealing with the Psychological Issues such as Fear and Anxiety Associated with Diagnosis of Cancer, and How These Can Improve Coping A diagnosis of breast cancer is a great shock. Women report that they fear breast cancer more than heart disease, even though they have a better chance of surviving breast cancer, and dying of stroke or heart failure. Breast cancer has been with us since the early Egyptians, and fear of this disease as well as the treatments for it, seems to be inherent in women all across the world. Normal Emotions and Breast Cancer Here are some normal emotions that you may experience at diagnosis and during treatment. Fear, shock Denial Anger Depression Sadness Anxiety Stress Guilt Loneliness, alienation Hope Physical Responses to Strong Emotions As you begin to deal with diagnosis and treatment, your body will be reacting to emotions as well as surgery and drugs. Your physical responses to the overall stress may be: Fear trouble sleeping, headaches, body aches Anger change in blood pressure Depression fatigue, crying, feeling moody Stress pain, irritability, tension Unresolved or Unexpressed Emotions May Lead to Other Problems You are not alone with your diagnosis or your emotions. Expressing your feelings can give you quite a bit of relief, helping you move forward in your journey. Not all of us are freely expressive, but there are safe and creative outlets for your feelings. Letting out your emotions will help you get support and heal more quickly. Your bottled-up emotions may lead to: Loneliness, withdrawal from others Frustration Hopelessness Feeling out of control Emotional Concerns and Breast Cancer When youve accepted your diagnosis, you may be facing other emotional concerns. The loss of a breast, or part of a breast, has an impact that goes beyond the physical fact. If aggressive treatment is required, it might have long-term impact on your health. It is normal to be concerned about: Fear of recurrence Loss of attractiveness Difficulty with sexual function Loss of fertility Coping With and Surviving Breast Cancer You can improve your emotional health and reduce your physical symptoms with good coping strategies. A study published in the Journal of Psychosocial Oncology reports that women who get help with pain and emotional distress have lower levels of anxiety, fatigue and depression. Here are some ways to cope with your emotions: Communicate with family and friends Maintain intimacy (if you have a partner) Visit with a counselor or spiritual director Join a support group Express your needs and ask for help Report your symptoms to your healthcare team Keep a log of medical visits, save test results, keep receipts Educate yourself about your cancer and treatments Exercise Make plans for a crisis Getting Help for Emotions Is Not a Sign of Weakness You may feel under pressure to be strong or act brave when you least feel that way. Perhaps you dont easily share your feelings with others. You may be in a position of responsibility and trust, and feel like you must contain your fears and hide your disease or the effects of treatment. Sharing these feelings and struggles may make you feel vulnerable. A study published in the Journal of Personality shows that women with breast cancer who do express their anger, fear, sadness, and affection in a group setting live longer than women who suppress these emotions. Here are some ways to express your emotions and boost your emotional and physical health: Make time to talk to family members Communicate with friends and coworkers Attend a support group, or join an online support list Find a good therapist and commit to regular visits Take-Home Message Your feelings about breast cancer and its affect on your body, family, relationships, finances, and mortality are valid and normal. Expressing your emotions and needs will help boost your mental and physical health. Letting it out lets you live longer! Sources: Journal of the American Geriatric Society. Effect of depression on diagnosis, treatment, and survival of older women with breast cancer. Published January 2004. Journal of Psychosocial Oncology. Examining the influence of coping with pain on depression, anxiety, and fatigue among women with breast cancer. Published 2005. National Institute of Health. Womens Fear of Heart Disease Has Almost Doubled in Three Years, But Breast Cancer Remains Most Feared Disease. Published 2008. National Cancer Institute. Support for People with Cancer Taking Time. Published 2005. California Breast Cancer Research Program. Does Change in Emotional Expression Mediate Cancer Survival? Final Report Published 1999. Breast cancer is an uninvited and life-altering event frequently associated with a rapid entry into a challenging treatment regimen and a long process of learning to cope with significant physical, practical, and emotional challenges (Boehmke Dickerson, 2006). Boehmke, M., Dickerson, S. (2006). The diagnosis of breast cancer: Transition from health to illness. Oncology Nursing Forum, 33(6), 1121-1127. Breast cancer can engender negative emotional and interpersonal responses throughout the continuum of cancer care (including the phases of diagnosis, treatment, survivorship, and end of life) (Ganz et al., 1996). Support groups have become central to psychosocial interventions for cancer patients because they provide a confidential atmosphere where cancer patients can discuss their challenges and insights with each other. Compared to control groups, patients who participate in support groups have fewer self-reported physical symptoms, lower cortisol levels, better immune system function and quality of life, and longer survival time (Winzelberg, A. J., Classen, C., Alpers, G. W., Roberts, H., Koopman, C., Adams, R. E., et al. (2003). Ganz, P. A., Coscarelli, A., Fred, C., Kahn, B., Polinsky, M. L., Petersen, L. (1996). Breast cancer survivors: Psychosocial concerns and quality of life. Breast Cancer Research and Treatment, 38(2), 183-199. Winzelberg, A. J., Classen, C., Alpers, G. W., Roberts, H., Koopman, C., Adams, R. E., et al. (2003). Evaluation of an internet support group for women with primary breast cancer. Cancer, 97(5), 1164-1173. However, face-to-face groups, as noted above, have improved well-being, but often pose barriers to people with limited mobility or who live a distance from where they are held. A growing number of patients use online support groups, which are available anytime in the privacy of ones home Eysenbach, G. (2003). The impact of the internet on cancer outcomes. Cancer Journal of Clinicians, 53, 356-371. Understanding how cancer patients use online support groups is an important factor in determining the value of Internet-based services to support cancer patients. Research that characterizes communication patterns can enhance our understanding of the mechanisms that facilitate positive coping with cancer diagnosis, treatment, survival, or death. A growing body of research on online support group messages suggests that qualitative analysis is a valuable method for categorizing patient cancer-related experiences and concerns, identifying existing gaps in knowledge, and guiding priorities for future research (Eysenbach Till, 2001) Eysenbach, G., Till, J. E. (2001). Ethical issues in qualitative research on internet communities. British Medical Journal, 323(10), 1103-1105. Belinda has just had her right breast removed, and she is not feeling alright. In fact, she has not been feeling alright since the moment the doctor told her she was symptomatic. Even if it turns out the mastectomy was completely successful and she becomes a survivor, Belinda will probably still continue to feel psychological anxiety about the possible recurrence of her cancer, not to mention embarrassment about the aesthetic change to her body. The key to helping Belinda is a strong social support network, connections to her ordinary life and high quality nursing communication. Depression Mood Disorder occurs within 10 25% of cancer patients, and physical reactions include palpatations, high blood pressure (seen in Belinda), anxiety and depression. Depression and anxiety can lead to social regression, poor medical compliance, and even suicide. If Belinda becomes depressed she is likely to stay in hospital longer, and complain more of adverse drug effects. Depression makes patients highly sensitised, meaning they are more likely to experience vomiting, nausea and anorexia than a patient in a more positive frame of mind, and their discomfort may eventually cause them to stop treatment. Strategies for battling this sensitisation include fully informing patients of adverse drug symptoms ahead of time, explaining that all drugs have adverse symptoms but not all patients experience them, and that having a positive attitude can have a big impact. (Zhou, Duan, Zhou, Cai, Huang, Zeng Zu, 2010). Patient fear begins the moment the patient is informed that they have cancer. While being told she was symptomatic, Belinda would have struggled to take in more complex information (Gunderman Brown, 2010). In most cases it is important to organise a follow-up appointment a few days following so that the cancer can be fully explained. Disbelief can be exacerbated if Belinda was feeling completely healthy at the time. (Gunderman et al., 2010). Additionally, fertility preservation needs to be discussed early in fertile patients, as chemotherapy can lead to infertility a fact that can be extremely upsetting later on (Wilkes, Coulson, Crosland, Rubin Stewart, 2010). For Indigenous patients of Cherbourg, while cancer occurrence in Indigenous Australians is lower than the overall population, cancer mortality is higher because many Indigenous Australians distrust westernised health facilities and will only present when they are very unwell. Many Indigenous Australians link cancer with curses, imminent unstoppable death and contagion, and dont seek treatment or hide symptoms because they believe they have done wrong, deserve illness, the outcome is already decided, they feel ashamed of their wrong-doing or they fear ostracism. These beliefs are prevalent in urban as well as rural populations (Shahid, Finn, Bessarab Thompson, 2010) and bush medicine is widely used. Encouragingly, Indigenous health care workers can find a successful balance between traditional and westernised medicine. Developing this balance in Indigenous Australian patients will allow them to participate in their own care. Nurses can consciously bring up the subject of traditional medicines and discuss these with the patient and family, as well as provide information about cancer in plain language so that patients can make informed decisions. (Shahid et al., 2010). In the case of younger Cherbourg cancer patients, teenaged and young adult cancer patients often feel quite out of place as they are either the oldest in paediatric unit or the youngest in an adult unit at the hospital. Additionally they are developing into independent adults, but are suddenly thrown back into a dependent role as cancer patients. They require high levels of social networking support. These dilemmas have been battled by a hospital in Denmark where teenaged and young adult (15 22 years) cancer patients are placed in a dedicated youth unit and are involved in specialised care appropriate to their age and needs. This includes network meetings involving the patient, family, friends the patient selects, and health care workers involved in the patients care. These meetings allow the nurse to be the voice for the patient, letting friends know the patient needs support and might find it hard to ask, and letting the parents know the patient may need some parent-free hours. Th e nurse can also make the space youth friendly, offering friends chips and soft drink when they visit so that they will return and helping them schedule so that at least one friend visits each week. (Olsen Harder, 2011). Generally, the key with all cancer patients, including Belinda, is to encourage a strong social support network, encourage them to be involved in their normal lives as much as possible, and communicate both information and empathy. Getting patients involved in their own treatment, such as encouraging them to research their disease, and encouraging them to return to work if they can are also positive strategies. (Gunderamn et al., 2010). Interesting Topics for Further Exploration: Honesty, particularly with late or terminally ill patients, is a controversial issue as some families may want to withhold information, while generally health workers support full disclosure. (Locatelli, Piselli, Cicerchia, Raffaele, Abbatecola and Repetto, 2010). The psychological affect of treatment-induced infertility or sexual impotence Anticipatory grieving in parents of children with cancer Religious coping and its advantages and pitfalls The psychology and struggles of cancer survivors Coping With and Surviving Breast Cancer You can improve your emotional health and reduce your physical symptoms with good coping strategies. A study published in the Journal of Psychosocial Oncology reports that women who get help with pain and emotional distress have lower levels of anxiety, fatigue and depression. Here are some ways to cope with your emotions: Communicate with family and friends Maintain intimacy (if you have a partner) Visit with a counselor or spiritual director Join a support group Express your needs and ask for help Report your symptoms to your healthcare team Keep a log of medical visits, save test results, keep receipts Educate yourself about your cancer and treatments Exercise Make plans for a crisis Getting Help for Emotions Is Not a Sign of Weakness You may feel under pressure to be strong or act brave when you least feel that way. Perhaps you dont easily share your feelings with others. You may be in a position of responsibility and trust, and feel like you must contain your fears and hide your disease or the effects of treatment. Sharing these feelings and struggles may make you feel vulnerable. A study published in the Journal of Personality shows that women with breast cancer who do express their anger, fear, sadness, and affection in a group setting live longer than women who suppress these emotions. Here are some ways to express your emotions and boost your emotional and physical health: Make time to talk to family members Communicate with friends and coworkers Attend a support group, or join an online support list Find a good therapist and commit to regular visits Take-Home Message Your feelings about breast cancer and its affect on your body, family, relationships, finances, and mortality are valid and normal. Expressing your emotions and needs will help boost your mental and physical health. Letting it out lets you live longe Eliza, you have given a prefect picture of emotion and stress which Belinda is facing. Now a days diagnosis of breast cancer is a great shock. Today women fear breast cancer more than heart diseases, even though they have a better chance of surviving cancer than dying to stoke or heart failure (National institute of Health 2008). As the women being to deal with diagnosis and treatment of breast cancer, their body automatically start reacting to emotions. Their physical response to overall stress may be fear (trouble sleeping, headaches or body aches), Anger (Change of blood pressure), Depression (fatigue, crying. Feeling moody), stress (pain, irrtability, tension). Also once women accept her diagnosis, they may also face another emotional concern. The loss of breast or part of breast has a deep impact that goes beyond the physical fact. Moreover if aggressive treatment is required, it may also be long term impact on the health. The fear of recurrence. Loss of attractiveness, difficulty in sexual function and loss of fertility also plays important role to increase the stress. Every woman who is facing this situation should understand that getting help for emotion is not the sign of weakness. There are certain ways to cope with this emotion. The best is communicate with family and friend, maintaining intimacy with your partner, visiting the counselor or spiritual person, joining the support team are some of the sign which will make great difference to tackle emotions. In term of health care practice, Report any symptoms or change to the healthcare team. Always maintain a log of health visit, test result etc. educating yourself about the cancer and the treatment and having regular exercise along with plan for crisis make a huge impact.

Mark Twain and the Lost Manuscript of The Adventures of Huckleberry Fin

Mark Twain and the Lost Manuscript of Huckleberry Finn      Ã‚  Ã‚   On November 30, 1835, Samuel Langhorne Clemens was born in the town of Florida, Missouri.   He had four siblings, three were older than him and one was younger.   When Clemens was four, his family moved to the town of Hannibal, Missouri.   Hannibal was a town located on the Mississippi river and would later become the setting for most of his stories ("Twain").   In 1847, when Clemens was twelve his father died.   Clemens grew up in an educated family (Works of Twain: Biographical Sketch).   At age twelve he was apprenticed to a printer and at age sixteen he worked under his brother, Orion who was a newspaper publisher in Hannibal.   Clemens made an early attempt at writing by sending comical travel letters to the Keokuk Saturday Post in Iowa under the pen name Thomas Jefferson Snodgrass.   These letters contained purposely inserted errors typical of Clemen's later work. When he was twenty-two he fulfilled a childhood dream by becoming apprenticed to a riverboat pilot named, Horace Bixby.   After his apprenticeship, he worked as a river boat pilot for four years.      The Civil War stopped riverboat traffic in 1861.   Clemens was out of work for several weeks before he traveled with his brother Orion to Nevada.   Orion had aspirations of becoming Territorial Secretary of Nevada.   Clemens became a reporter and later a feature editor for the Virginia City Territorial Enterprise, a Nevada newspaper.   During his reporting of the Nevada Constitutional Convention, Samuel Langhorne Clemens officially adopted for himself the pen name "Mark Twain" (Works of Twain: Brief Account).... ...   Simon and Schuster, Inc., 1990.    Outline    Thesis Statement:   An original draft of Mark Twain's The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn exists containing material excluded from the first printing of the book.    I.   Twain's biographical information   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   A.   Childhood   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   B.   Education   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   C.   Professional life   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   1.   Jobs   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   2.   Literary works   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   3.   Financial conditions   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   D.   Personal life   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   1.   Life style   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   2.   Family life II.   Original manuscript of The Adventures   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   of Huckleberry Finn   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   A.   General information   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   1.   Discovery information   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   2.   How the manuscript was lost   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   B.   Legal battle for printing rights   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   C.   Difference from the first publishing III.   Conclusion

Data Analysis for Business Decisions Essay

1. Introduction: destination marketing Honeymoon Destinations is a business that produces video footage that contains resort-specific and region-specific footage regarding the most popular honeymoon destination resorts including: Hawaiian Islands, Caribbean Islands, Mexico and Florida. The marketing of destinations serve to guide newlyweds by means of capturing videos –including rating each resort based on the most important characteristics such as view, cost and accommodations. These footages attempt to generate an attractive, fascinating and informative product on what the newlyweds can expect on their â€Å"once in a lifetime† expedition. (Parry, Mark, 1999) 2. Honeymoon Destinations Market: Studies have indicated that in the past decade, there has been a significant increase in the amount that newlyweds spent on weddings and in the average age of first time brides and grooms. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services’ findings conclude that in the year 1967, the average age is 23.8 and 21.6 for men and women, respectively. However, the average age has increased to 26.4 and 24.5 for men and woman, respectively in the year 1987. This indicates that because first-time brides and grooms are postponing their weddings, they may more financial resources to spend more on honeymoon expenditures down the line. (Parry, Mark, 1999) 3. Data Analysis: Honeymoon Destinations has developed and administered a marketing feasibility study in order to investigate the impending demand for honeymoon destination videos. A survey has been mailed to 260 recent bridal fair participants in the area. Out of the 260 prospective participants, 91 have successfully submitted a response—with a calculated response rate of 35%. In order to understand the complexity of honeymoon destination marketing by means of video footage to newlyweds, this report attempts to analyze, calculate and investigate various data techniques for business decisions in the area of strategic marketing and management of honeymoon destinations. Additionally, this paper is based on data analysis research pertaining to the honeymoon destination direct mail survey where comprehensive frameworks have been tested and implemented— discussing a broad range of destination marketing channels, sources and references for the company to further improve current and future busi ness decisions in the honeymoon destination marketing industry. (Parry, Mark, 1999) First Case Scenario: The analysis has focused on the company’s marketing and distribution to as few as channels as possible. Additionally, the report has analyzed what the very best channels would be based on what the data indicates. The survey question reads â€Å"From what source would you be likely to purchase the video?† The sources (distribution channels) have been investigated as to look at what sources people utilized to purchase the honeymoon destination video. The descriptive analysis has calculated the count (number) of total recipients who responded—which was measured at 91—and the mode (frequency) of the 91 recipients who responded with a 1 (check) or a 0 (no check) and has calculated the count (number) of recipients. In this section, the table and graph above contains the percentage of respondents who stated that they could be likely to purchase a video from a particular source. The sum amount of responses for variables 45-52 have been divided by the total (count) of the low income group (income level of $25,000-$69,000 and high income group (income level of $70,000-92,000). For instance, using the source Bridal Shops—the sum of this particular variable is calculated at 19. The sum is then divided by the total count of the low income group, which is calculated at 0.35 or 35%. Using the same source, the sum of this particular variable is calculated at 10. The sum of 10 is then divided by the total count of the high-income group, which is calculated at 0.28 or 28%. The data findings indicate that both the low-income and high-income group is less likely to purchase a video from the Bridal Shop source. Another source that would both groups would not be likely to purchase a video from is the Video Rental Store—the data is calculated at 18% and 25% for low-income and high-income groups, respectively. (Parry, Mark, 1999) (Bowerman, Bruce L., O’Connell, Richard T., Murphree, Emily S.,2011) Proposal and Recommendations for Scenario One: As a result of implementing descriptive statistics analysis and creating an appropriate graph and tabular representation, the findings conclude that the most popular channel types to purchase videos are from: 1. Bridal magazines: which was calculated that 75% of people in the lower income bracket and 82% of people in the higher income bracket. For this particular channel, people with higher income would be most likely to purchase videos from Bridal Magazines than people with lower income. 2. Travel Magazines: which was calculated that 77.8% of people in the lower income bracket and 82% of people in the higher income bracket. For this particular channel, findings conclude that there is very little difference in the type of income group that would purchase videos from the travel magazines. Honeymoon Destinations should focus more attention on using Travel Magazines and Bridal Magazines as the most effective marketing and distribution channels for advertizing honeymoon video footage to newlyweds—for both the low-income and high-income groups. When it comes to investing in a honeymoon getaway, the travel possibilities can be endless; however the choices and the decision may leave the couples feeling confused and undecided. (Parry, Mark, 1999) This leads an important question— who is primarily responsible for researching a possible honeymoon resort and who makes the decision in selecting the most preferred destination—the bride, groom or both? As indicated in the above graph, the bride takes primary responsibility in researching possible honeymoon getaways measured at 76.9% of the time, 11 % for grooms and 12.1% of the time both take equal responsibility in looking for honeymoon resorts. However, 82.4% of the time both couples share equal responsibility on making the actual decision on a honeymoon destination, whereas a mere 8.8% for brides and 8.8% of grooms take primary responsibility in making a decision. With the stress that unavoidably accompanies wedding planning, Honeymoon Destinations can utilize Bridal Magazines and Travel Magazines as its best marketing and distribution sources to further assist couples in researching and deciding on the perfect destination and itinerary–as a result, the couples can enjoy their once in a lifetime getaway. [ (Parry, Mark, 1999) ] Second Case Scenario: For this particular case scenario, it is believed that the individuals in the target group— Individuals with higher incomes—is more willing to spend at least $15.00 on the Honeymoon Destinations Video. This report tests this hypothesis. The analysis only observed individuals with higher incomes (upper half of the sample; $70,000 or more). A z test could not be measured because it requires knowing more information than what was available in the survey analysis. A z-test requires knowing the value of a population standard deviation (sigma) to be able to compute the standard error of the estimate. In most instances, this is rarely known—such in this case. The data calculated the standard deviation of the sampling distribution (measured at 3.852848874). As a result a one-sample, one-sided t-Test was employed for the sample higher-income group (variable 53) because the population standard deviation was not available in a sample of 91 participants in the direct-mail survey; the sample standard deviation was utilized as an estimate for testing purposes. (See descriptive and statistical analysis below) (Bowerman, Bruce L., O’Connell, Richard T., & Murphree, Emily S., 2011) Utilizing the one-sample, one-sided t-Test. the test statistic is t = 20.41606. 4. The P value of 0.00001 has been calculated for the possible test condition and compared it to the alpha level of 0.05. Therefore, the P value has determined to reject the null hypothesis. 5. Conclusion: We can observe that 20.41606 > 0.00001 in a one tail test (upper); thus the absolute value of our test statistic is greater than the associated p-value and is in the rejection region (and p-value has determined to reject the null hypothesis). Therefore, we reject the null hypothesis in favor of the alternative hypothesis. Therefore, the data analysis findings can statistically conclude that the sample provides enough evidence that the average amount the high-income group will be willing to spend is more than $15 for the Honeymoon Destinations Video. If the alpha was measured at .01 and .10 with the P –value still at 0.00001, the null hypothesis would still be rejected in favor of the alternative hypothesis. (Bowerman, Bruce L., O’Connell, Richard T., & Murphree, Emily S., 2011) Third Case Scenario: For the last case scenario, the analysis report is more interested in developing an estimate for what the average individual would be willing to pay rather than computing a hypothesis testing. Therefore, 95% confidence intervals have been developed for the average price individuals would be willing to pay: one for the lower-income group and one for the higher-income group. Dividing variable 54 into a low-income group and high-income group and also dividing Variable 53 (Amount willing to pay to purchase Honeymoon Destinations Video)—producing the below descriptive analysis of the sample average, standard deviation and sample size for the low and high income groups. The population standard deviation is not known, therefore, the sample standard deviation for low-income and high-income groups is estimated which is calculated at 6.876349 and 3.852849, respectively—utilizing variable 53. (Parry, Mark, 1999) (Bowerman, Bruce L., O’Connell, Richard T., Murphree, Emily S., 2011) The sample size (n) of 55 for low-income group measures the sample average amount willing to pay for the video is $8.89 (rounded up). The sample standard deviation is calculated at 6.876349. A 95% confidence interval has been developed for the average price the low-income group is willing to pay for the video at $8.89. The findings indicate that the confidence interval is 7.03 for the lower limit and 10.75 for the higher limit of amount willing to pay for the video, respectively. The margin of error of 1.86 (the degree of accuracy in the analysis) is the t-multiple of 2.005 times the standard error of the estimation at 0.93 which indicates how far the confidence level would extend on each some of the point estimate. Conversely, the sample size (n) of 36 for high-income group measures the sample average amount willing to pay for the video is $28.11 (rounded up). The sample standard deviation is calculated at 3.852849. A 95% confidence interval has been developed for the average price the high-income group is willing to pay for the video at $28.11. The findings indicate that the confidence interval is $26.81 for the lower limit and $29.41 for the higher limit of amount willing to pay for the video, respectively. The margin of error of 1.30 (the degree of accuracy in the analysis) is the t-multiple of 2.030 times the standard error of the estimation at 0.64 which indicates how far the confidence level would extend on each some of the point estimate. (Bowerman, Bruce L., O’Connell, Richard T., Murphree, Emily S., 2011) As part of the comparative analysis between the low-income group and high-income group— assuming that if this procedure were to be repeated on multiple samples—the calculated confidence interval would encompass the true population parameter 95% of the time. Thus, the repeated samples that are taken from both groups, 95% of the time, the average amount people in the low-income group willing to pay will be between $7.03 and $10.75. And, 95% of the time, the average amount people in the high-income group willing to pay will be between $26.81 and $29.41. (Bowerman, Bruce L., O’Connell, Richard T., Murphree, Emily S., 2011) Proposal and Recommendations for Scenario Two and Three: Although it has been suggested to sell each 45 minute video for a retail price of $14.95, the Company needs to recognize that it’s difficult to appeal to all consumers in the honeymoon marketplace, or at least cannot appeal to all consumers in the same way. Consumers are extremely diverse, widely scattered and significantly varied in their particular needs and purchasing practices. It’s important to note that low-income individuals who are looking to book a honeymoon resort face challenges of economic stability and an increase in the amount spent towards weddings. Since the high-income group is willing to pay more between $26.81 and $29.41, whereas the low-income group is willing to pay between $7.03 and $10.75 for honeymoon destinations videos, the company must shift from mass marketing strategies to both a target marketing and differential pricing method. (See diagram below) Customer-Driven Marketing Strategy: Creating Value for Target Customers First, the company must effectively identify and select diverse market segments (i.e. low income, high income, age, etc), differentiate based on their interest/financial resources and needs—and further improve channels of distribution/products/services tailored to each particular population segment in various affluent and discounted retail store locations. Secondly, Honeymoon Destinations can then implement a differential pricing practice which entails charging the high-income group more, while charging the low-income group less for the same product—which in this case is the honeymoon video. (Marshall, Greg W. & Johnston, Mark, 2010) Possible implications of differential pricing: If Honeymoon Destinations sells the 45 minute video footage for several different prices, higher income individuals who are willing and able to spend more than $15.00 for the video may end up deciding it’s cheaper to pay for the lower priced video. However, this would force the lower-income individuals to pay more. (Marshall, Greg W. & Johnston, Mark, 2010) Each difference has potential to either create company costs as well as customer benefits. A difference is worth establishing to the extent that it will satisfy not only the high income group but, more importantly the low income group. The company should look to improve marketing strategies that satisfy both the high-income and low-income groups by meeting the following criteria: 1. Importance: the video will deliver a highly valued benefit to the target group 2. Distinctive and Superior: Emphasize that the company offers a more informative and distinctive video footage over other competitors—which can be tailored based on the target group’s financial resources, needs, desires and personality. 3. Visibility: the video footage is visible and easily accessible to the target audience. Therefore, providing the broadest possible access to the video allows—and encourages differential pricing. Not implementing differential pricing will only ensure that the low-income individuals will have little to no access to purchasing the video they couldn’t otherwise afford. Overall, selecting the best position of the product can be challenging; however, providing a wide-range of choices and prices is crucial to the company’s overall current and future success. (Marshall, Greg W. & Johnston, Mark, 2010) References Bowerman, Bruce L., O’Connell, Richard T., & Murphree, Emily S. (2011). Chapter 9: Hypothesis Testing. In Data Analysis for Business Decisions (Sixth ed., pp. 351-392). New York, NY, USA: McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. . Bowerman, Bruce L., O’Connell, Richard T., Murphree, Emily S. (2011). Data Analysis for Business Decisions (Sixth ed.). New York, NY, USA: McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Marshall, Greg W. & Johnston, Mark. (2010). Marketing Management. New York, NY, USA: McGraw-Hill/Irwin. Parry, Mark. (1999). Honeymoon Destinations. University at Virginia , Darden Graduate School of Business Administration. Charlottesville, VA: Darden Business Publishing. Retrieved December 27, 2012

Community Problems

Many neighborhoods face serious community problems because of certain factors and they have a certain effect on the people living In the communities. I live around a community where there are a lot of car street races which happen on a regular basis and It creates major chaos over the weekends. Seems Like It Is not a major Issue, however, these street races cause major trouble to all the neighbors as It creates noise, causes accidents. Creates trouble for all the stores around, for people traveling at night and so on.Every weekend, a specific parking lot in the town of Formidable is filled with Hot Rods, college students, high school students and even adults, not to mention, cops too. This is a huge parking lot outside a mall which has plenty of room for cars and is connected to a highway-route 110. It is the main attraction for guys and girls with hot rods. I heard a lot of stories about this location and about the races taking place there every weekend so I decided to take a look f or myself before I could believe any of this.One night, I made a trip to this famous parking lot! At first, when I got to the parking lot, all I saw was a few random cars parked with some guys standing around them and talking to each other In groups. I parked my car there and stopped to watch what happens. I was extremely curious because I had only heard of these kind of scenes in movies and never thought it would be the reality. A little after 1 1 pm, a group of cars came into the parking lot with extremely loud exhaust pipes and loud music.As they revved up the engines my adrenaline started pumping. I could not believe what my eyes saw. A large number of cars drove n and parked there. There were people of all different age groups coming in from high school students, to college students and even elderly men around the age of forty who wanted to show off their hot rods. Soon after, some drivers including female drives took their cars out into the driveway and started drifting and pe rforming rolling burnouts to get the crowd excited.I stepped out of my car and stood there to watch. These people were enjoying themselves with loud music, alcohol, dancing with girls and screaming and shouting. I was shocked when a few gig school kids approached me to ask me about my car because these kids were 9th graders who had sneaked out of their houses at midnight with their parents cars for these races. After around half an hour, a group of cars revved up their engines and started moving towards route 110 so I decided to follow.Once we got onto route 110 they start driving like crazy people over speeding and cutting lanes and eventually turned onto a street off route 110. This lane was completely isolated and there were barely any cars parked there so they lined up their cars there and made a roadblock t the two ends of the lane and started having drag races which made a lot of sound and obviously called In for cops. This is where the major problems from these races start. O nce the cops come In, chaos occurs.These guys get Into their cars and started racing off from these race sites In all different directions to avoid getting caught. They go onto the main roads and over speed causing accidents not only for themselves but all the noise they create. They get into accidents, get caught and pay fines, cause trouble to other drivers on the road and so on. This is a major community problem as it attracts a lot of students in the community from not only colleges but also high schools.These kids have illegal modifications on their cars which adds to money in the black market. It also encourages many others to Join this racing league which leads to accidents and deaths. There is a lot of illegal betting and gambling, underage drinking, over speeding and many such laws broken which cause serious community problems every weekend and according to me this should be checked and stopped as soon as possible!

Mein Kampf the Book Written by Adolf Hitler

Mein Kampf the Book Written by Adolf Hitler By 1925, 35-year-old Adolf Hitler was already a war veteran, leader of a political party, orchestrator of a failed coup, and a prisoner in a German prison. In July 1925, he also became a published book author with the release of the first volume of his work,  Mein Kampf (My Struggle). The book, whose first volume was largely written during his eight-month imprisonment for his leadership in the failed coup, is a rambling discourse on Hitler’s ideology and goals for the future German state.  The second volume was published in December 1926 (however, the books themselves were printed with a 1927 publication date). The text initially suffered from slow sales but, like its author would soon become a fixture in German society. Hitler’s Early Years in the Nazi Party At the end of World War I, Hitler, like so many other German veterans, found himself unemployed. So when he was offered a position to work as an informant for the newly established Weimar government, he seized the opportunity. Hitlers duties were simple; he was to attend the meetings of newly formed political organizations and report upon their activities to government officials who were monitoring these parties. One of the parties, the German Workers’ Party (DAP), captivated Hitler so much during his attendance that the following spring he left his government position and decided to dedicate himself to the DAP. That same year (1920), the party changed its name to the National Socialist German Workers’ Party (NSDAP), or Nazi Party. Hitler quickly gained renown as a powerful speaker. Within the party’s early years, Hitler is credited with helping the party greatly increase membership through his powerful speeches against the government and the Treaty of Versailles.  Hitler is also credited with helping to design the main tenets of the party’s platform. In July 1921, a shake-up occurred within the party and Hitler found himself in the position to replace party co-founder Anton Drexler as the chairperson of the Nazi Party. Hitler's Failed Coup: The Beer Hall Putsch In the fall of 1923, Hitler decided it was time to seize upon the public’s discontent with the Weimar government and organize a putsch (coup) against both the Bavarian state government and the German federal government. With assistance from the SA, SA leader Ernst Roehm, Herman Gà ¶ring, and famous World War I General Erich von Ludendorff, Hitler and Nazi Party members stormed a Munich beer hall where members of the local Bavarian government were gathered for an event. Hitler and his men quickly brought the event to a standstill by setting up machine guns at the entrances and falsely announcing that the Nazis had seized both the Bavarian state government and the German federal government. After a short period of perceived success, several missteps led to the putsch quickly falling apart. After being shot at in the street by the German military, Hitler fled and hid for two days in the attic of a party supporter. He was then caught, arrested, and placed in Landsberg prison to await his trial for his role in the attempted Beer Hall Putsch. On Trial for Treason In March 1924, Hitler and the other leaders of the putsch were put on trial for high treason. Hitler, himself, faced possible deportation from Germany (due to his status as a non-citizen) or a life sentence in prison. He took advantage of the media coverage of the trial to paint himself as an ardent supporter of the German people and the German state, wearing his Iron Cross for Bravery in WWI and speaking out against the â€Å"injustices† perpetrated by the Weimar government and their collusion with the Treaty of Versailles. Instead of projecting himself as a man guilty of treason, Hitler came across during his 24-day trial as an individual who had the best interests of Germany in mind. He was sentenced to five years in Landsberg prison but would serve only eight months. The others on trial received lesser sentences and some were released without any penalty. The Writing of Mein Kampf Life in Landsberg prison was far from difficult for Hitler. He was permitted to walk freely throughout the grounds, wear his own clothing, and entertain visitors as he chose. He was also permitted to mingle with other prisoners, including his personal secretary, Rudolf Hess, who was imprisoned for his own part in the failed putsch. During their time together in Landsberg, Hess served as Hitler’s personal typist while Hitler dictated some of the work that would become known as the  first volume of Mein Kampf. Hitler decided to write Mein Kampf for a two-fold purpose: to share his ideology with his followers and also to help recoup some of the legal expenses from his trial. Interestingly, Hitler originally proposed the title, Four-and-a-Half Years of Struggle Against Lies, Stupidity, and Cowardice; it was his publisher who shortened it to My Struggle or Mein Kampf. Volume 1 The first volume of Mein Kampf, subtitled â€Å"Eine Abrechnung† or â€Å"A Reckoning,† was written mostly during Hitler’s stay in Landsberg and ultimately consisted of 12 chapters when it was published in July 1925. This first volume covered Hitler’s childhood through the initial development of the Nazi Party. Although many of the book’s readers thought it would be autobiographical in nature, the text itself only uses Hitler’s life events as a springboard for long-winded diatribes against those he viewed as inferior, particularly the Jewish people. Hitler also frequently wrote against the political scourges of Communism, which he purported was directly linked to the Jews, whom he believed were attempting to take over the world. Hitler also wrote that the present German government and its democracy was failing the German people and that his plan to remove the German parliament and instate the Nazi Party as the leadership would save Germany from future ruin. Volume 2 Volume two of Mein Kampf, subtitled â€Å"Die Nationalsozialistische Bewegung,† or â€Å"The National Socialist Movement,† consisted of 15 chapters and was published in December 1926. This volume was intended to cover how the Nazi Party was founded; however, it was more of a rambling discourse of Hitler’s political ideology. In this second volume, Hitler laid out his goals for future German success. Crucial to the success of Germany, Hitler believed, was gaining more â€Å"living space†. He wrote that this gain should be made by first spreading the German empire to the East, into the land of the inferior Slavic peoples who should be enslaved and their natural resources confiscated for the better, more racially pure, German people. Hitler also discussed the methods he would employ to gain the support of the German populace, including a massive propaganda campaign and the rebuilding of the German military. Reception for Mein Kampf The initial reception for Mein Kampf was not particularly impressive; the book sold roughly 10,000 copies in its first year. Most of the book’s initial purchasers were either Nazi Party faithful or members of the general public who were wrongly anticipating a scandalous autobiography. By the time Hitler became Chancellor in 1933, approximately 250,000 copies of the book’s two volumes had been sold. Hitler’s ascension to the chancellorship breathed new life into sales of Mein Kampf. For the first time, in 1933, sales of the full edition eclipsed the one million mark. Several special editions were also created and distributed to the German people. For instance, it became customary for every newlywed couple in Germany to receive a special newlywed’s edition of the work. By 1939, 5.2 million copies had been sold. At the outset of World War II, additional copies were distributed to each soldier. Copies of the work were also customary gifts for other life milestones such as graduations and births of children. By the war’s end in 1945, the number of copies sold rose to 10 million. However, despite its popularity on the printing presses, most Germans would later admit that they had not read the 700-page, two-volume text to any great extent. Mein Kampf Today With Hitler’s suicide and the conclusion of World War II, the property rights of Mein Kampf went to the Bavarian state government (since Munich was Hitler’s last official address before the Nazi seizure of power). Leaders in the Allied-occupied portion of Germany, which contained Bavaria, worked with Bavarian authorities to institute a ban on the publication of Mein Kampf within Germany. Upheld by the reunified German government, that ban  continued until 2015. In 2015, the copyright on Mein Kampf expired and the work became part of the public domain, thus negating the ban. In an effort to prevent the book from further becoming a tool of neo-Nazi hatred, the Bavarian state government has begun a campaign to publish annotated editions in several languages with hopes that these educational editions will become more popular than editions published for other, less noble, purposes. Mein Kampf still remains one of the most widely published and known books in the world. This work of racial hatred was a blueprint for the plans of one of the most destructive governments in world history. Once a fixture in German society, there is hope that today it can serve as a learning tool to prevent such tragedies in future generations.

Phase 5 IP Essay Example

Phase 5 IP Essay Example Phase 5 IP Essay Phase 5 IP Essay International business Name: Course: Institution: Lecturer: Date: International business The Multinational Company requesting for financial assistance is located in Washington D.C. The plant to be financed is in Mexico. The basic things to consider are the amount of money needed and the security of investing in that plant. Other factors to consider are those influenced by investing abroad. Among them is foreign risk. These are the risks the challenges faced by investors when exchange rates fluctuate. It mostly affects those countries that are involved in exports. If a company is making trades abroad, it will realize that the profits change according to the exchange rates. The most important thing to do when dealing with this problem is to study the exchange rate of the trading country. If a country’s economy is stable, the currency will also be steady. In case of any negative fluctuations, the investor should calculate what cost it will incur (Shamah, 2003). Another important factor to consider is how to hedge foreign exchange. This has to be done because it protects the company from foreign risks. There are three ways of hedging. They include, using forwards, options and futures. When using forwards, an agreement is made between two parties to use a fixed rate. This becomes convenient because in case there will be any unforeseen fluctuations, the company exporting will not be affected. However, this measure can only be used up to bearable extents. If the currency would change with such significance difference, there will be negotiations. Hedging with futures was introduced to close the gap left by forwards. It is an agreement between the buyer and seller. They agree on trading a currency in the future, at a certain fixed price. Weisweiller adds that (2009) it is very similar to the forward contract, but this one is more liquid than forward. The futures have standard contracts hence, traded like the shares. Futures are bought if the risk is about appreciation of value. If the value has depreciated, then they should be sold. A company can find it most convenient to use options for hedging. Options are not abiding because the buyer can decide to buy or sell a certain currency at a given exchange rate at a specific date or before that. There are two types of options namely call and put. Call options facilitate the buyer with the right to buy a given currency at a specific exchange rate, at a certain day or before. Put options make provision for buyers to sell a certain currency at a given exchange rate and time. Depending on the nature of the company, it should choose the best way to hedge foreign risks (Wang, 2009). There is need to consider the foreign exchange instruments that will be used. They are important because they assist in curbing foreign risks. If a certain currency is experiencing any problems, this can be avoided by using a foreign exchange instrument. The most common instrument is spot. It is the exchange of one currency to another, at a settled rate. This should be done within two days of working. Spot makes provision for two alternatives only (Weisweiller, 2009). The first one is value today, and it allows settlement on the same day of trading. The second alternative is called value tomorrow. The settlement can be done one day after the trading day. Futures, forwards and options are used for hedging but can also be instruments as well. This is because foreign exchange instruments have similar duties to those of hedging. There are certain government rules and regulation that the multinational company will have to consider. The main one is paying revenue to the authorities. The revenues involved are all types of taxes that the government has imposed. Evading these revenues is a punishable crime, so they need to find out all the taxes they require paying. Some types of taxes are sales tax and the tax imposed on export goods. The multinational company should stay alert about elements like inflation and the rates of interests. These two have a significant effect on foreign exchange (Shamah, 2003). Inflation is a decrease in the value of money when purchasing, which is accompanied by an overall increase in prices of commodities. This means that when there is inflation, the currency depreciates and the company has to pay more money. Inflation will lead to increase in interest rates, which will affect the exchange rates. This happens because rise in interest rates influences the demand and supply of currenc ies (Wang, 2009).

Conjugating the Irregular French Verb Devenir (to Become)

Conjugating the Irregular French Verb 'Devenir' (to Become) Devenir, to become, is an  irregular French -ir verb, meaning the infinitive ends in -ir.  The chart below lists the conjugations of this verb; it does not include compound conjugations, which consist of some form of the auxiliary verb  Ãƒ ªtre  and the past participle devenu. Devenir Is Highly Irregular There are two groups within the irregular French  -ir  verbs, one around verbs like partir and sortir and a second around verbs like offrir and ouvrir,  that show some conjugation patterns. Devenir and similar verbs like venir  (to come), tenir  (to hold, to keep) and others do not fall into these groups, much less any conjugation group. Their conjugations are so unusual and unwieldy that you simply have to memorize them in order to use these verbs correctly Verbs Ending in -venir and -tenir Since devenir is conjugated the same way as similar verbs like venir and tenir, it follows that all French verbs ending in the suffixes  -venir  and  -tenir  are also conjugated this way. It makes life a little easier if you know the conjugation of at least one of these verbs; then you can apply the same endings to all like verbs. Here are some verbs ending in -venir and -tenir, all of which are conjugated in the same very irregular way as devenir, venir, and tenir. Abstenir to abstainConvenir  Ã‚  Ã‚  to suitTenir   to hold, keep  Devenir   to become  Revenir   to come [home], return  Dà ©tenir   to hold, detain  Obtenir   to obtain, get  Soutenir   to support, uphold  Parvenir  Ã‚   to achieve  Entretenir   to look after, maintain  Maintenir   to maintain  Intervenir   to intervene  Ã‚  Retenir   to retain  Prà ©venir  Ã‚  to warn, preventAppartenir   to belong to  Contenir   to contain  Survenir   crop up, happen, occur  Provenir   to come from  Advenir   to happen  Ã‚  Ã‚  Subvenir  Ã‚   to provide for  Contrevenir   to contravene  Circonvenir   to circumvent   Devenir: Uses and Expressions The following expressions show French students how to use  devenir in various phrases. Tu es devenue une femme. Youre a woman now.Devenir rà ©alità © to become a realityDevenir vieux to get or grow oldEt moi, quest-ce que je vais devenir?   Whats to become of me?Je ne sais pas ce que je deviendrais sans toi.   I dont know what Id do without you.Que devenez-vous?   How are you getting on? / Hows it going?Et lui, quest-ce quil devient? Whats he up to these days? (vous faire) devenir dingue  (familier),   (vous faire) devenir fou, (vous faire) devenir chà ¨vre  (familier)   enough to drive you mad /  enough  to make you scream Conjugating Devenir The table provides the simple conjugations of  devenir  in its various tenses and moods. Present Future Imperfect Present participle je deviens deviendrai devenais devenant tu deviens deviendras devenais il devient deviendra devenait nous devenons deviendrons devenions vous devenez deviendrez deveniez ils deviennent deviendront devenaient Passà © composà © Auxiliary verb à ªtre Past participle devenu Subjunctive Conditional Passà © simple Imperfect subjunctive je devienne deviendrais devins devinsse tu deviennes deviendrais devins devinsses il devienne deviendrait devint devà ®nt nous devenions deviendrions devà ®nmes devinssions vous deveniez deviendriez devà ®ntes devinssiez ils deviennent deviendraient devinrent devinssent Imperative tu deviens nous devenons vous devenez

What are the factors which affect the propensity of firms to innovate Essay

What are the factors which affect the propensity of firms to innovate through collaboration with other firms and which affect the outcomes of such interaction - Essay Example Various factors that are perceived to be beneficial to partnering firms cause them to come together and innovate together. Some of the factors that cause firms to collaborate in innovation include reducing the cost of development of the technology, reducing the potential risks that are involved in technological development or entering the market, to achieve the economies of scale, which reduce the cost of production, promoting shared learning between the firms involved, and reducing the time taken to produce and market new products (Tidd, Bessant and Pavitt, 2005, p25-78). The results of the collaborative invention vary significantly according to different companies, and these factors may be beyond or within the abilities of the partnering firms. Some factors that influence the results of a collaborative interaction between firms include: the competitiveness of the partners, the transparency issues, receptivity of ideas, the rate of learning and bargaining power of partners, the intention of the firms when they accepted to enter into collaboration, and sustainability of the deal (Hamel, 1991, p.83-101). These factors determine whether or not the collaboration will continue in order to develop technologies together. If the factors are favourable to the collaborating firms, they continue to develop technologies together. Different companies collaborate in innovation according to different interaction policies. These interactions are determined by conditions that are set by those partners, when joining together as well as those that are related to sustai nability. In order to understand the issues that are related to the collaborative innovation, there is need to explore the factors that influence firms to come together as well as those that influence the sustainability of collaborative innovation interactions. In events where firms collaborate to innovate, they need to put into consideration all the issues that can arise

Working Impression Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Working Impression - Case Study Example If the working impression holds after confirmatory test/s, then it will hold to be the diagnosis, and the future steps will be dedicated onto eradicating the sources and treating the symptoms accordingly. However, if the PWI turns out not to be the diagnosis, then the differentials will then be tested, so that the primary root of the chief complaint be identified. Treatment will thus be planned based on the definitive diagnosis. Working Impression In coming up with our primary impression, we should look into the information we have for any pertinent data. In summary, we have four female employees of a food distribution warehouse facility who complain of dizziness. They conduct blister packing in an area with a 40Â °F temperature, and two railroad car lines and gas-powered forklifts nearby. The facility also has a special seal that insulates in the cold temperature needed for storage. There was no noticeable odor, nor there mention of a ventilating system for the area. Because multip le cases (four) have been reported in the facility, we consider this as an occupational health issue. Because of the nature of their work, the only possible factors that might have caused dizziness are inhalation of toxic fumes, exposure to chemicals from the food products, and the cold temperature (40Â °F). Because there are no reports of food poisoning caused by the products of the facility, then we can rule out the second factor. In considering the presence of toxic fumes, we must take note that the suspected inhalant must be odorless and colorless. In addition, the special insulating system in the warehouse might have been contributing in keeping the toxic fumes in the facility. A possible source of such fumes must be established, and the symptoms observed in our case should be explained by its presence. With these qualifications, we take carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning as our primary working impression. CO is an odorless, colorless gas that may come from the incomplete burning of organic substances such as gasoline, kerosene, oil, propane coal or wood (Canadian Centre for Occupational Health and Safety, 2008; WorkSafe Victoria, 2008). In our case, CO may have been emitted by the car and forklift exhaust and possibly, a kerosene-powered heater, although the presence of such equipment must first be verified. CO gas interferes with the oxygenation of red blood cells and subsequently of tissues such as the brain, causing dizziness. Other symptoms include chest pains, headache, fatigue, dizziness, drowsiness or nausea. Prolonged exposure may result to weakness, vomiting, confusion, loss of consciousness, coma, and death (Canadian Centre for Occupational Health and Safety, 2008). Differential Diagnoses It is important to consider other causes of the incidents, as the PWI might not be the root cause, or there are environmental conditions that may cause harm to the employees. Low oxygen levels In preserving food products, it is important to have a room wherein ox ygen levels can be kept at a low level (1% to 2%) to prevent the growth of aerobic microorganisms that compromise the quality of food products. This room is referred to as a controlled atmosphere (CA) room. Inhalation of this highly deoxygenated atmosphere from CA room has detrimental consequences to employees, who need oxygen levels of 19.5% to 23.5% to survive. In fact, inhaling a single breath of this highly deoxygenated atmosphere will result to instantaneous loss of consciousness, with consequent brain and health injuries. Employees who work near a CA room are thus susceptible to health risks (WorkSafe Victoria, 2008). If a CA room is present in the warehouse, then this diagnosis is highly likely. Ammonia The cooling condition exposes the employees to many factors. One of

Compact car Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Compact car - Essay Example Compact cars are also chosen as a popular second vehicle to use for running errands without spending a fortune in gas bills. These are also at the lower priced end of the market compared to SUV's and are more affordable compared to the SUV's. Cars begin at $10,000 and move upwards making them easier to buy. They may also have lesser features in the basic models to fit the budget. Similarly, smaller size translates into lower maintenance costs. Handling is another positive factor. The small compact car is definitely more maneuverable in the congested downtown areas and the smaller parking spaces. During the peak traffic times or when on congested highways, a compact car seems more easy to handle. Compact cars have a lower visibility due to their low height making it difficult to see with ease for shorter people. They also have a lower record of safety when it comes to collision impacts. Their smaller size makes them more vulnerable to impacts, and they are often highly damaged when involved in an accident. The compact falters when it comes to interior space and legroom. For a family of four it is just right and for those who are of above average build, well, after long distances they should be ready for a few cramps.

Implementing renewable energy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Implementing renewable energy - Essay Example In this context, renewable energy sources provide a way to overcome the threat of energy security and global warming. Common renewable energy sources available are solar and wind power. These energy sources provide clean energy that is non-polluting, the energy source is free and it will never be depleted (ECI, 2011). The UK government wants to develop this energy source as a viable and active contributor to the economy. However, developing and using these free energy sources is not very easy and a number of challenges and barriers need to be overcome. These challenges include technical, social and financial challenges (Scottish Power, 2004). This paper will examine renewable energy sources in this context and suggest solutions to overcome the challenges. 2. FIT and other renewable energy Schemes initiated by the UK government The UK government has undertaken a few projects to meet its obligations of reducing green house gases. As per the Kyoto protocols, a signatory to the protocols and this includes UK, have agreed to cut down their emissions to pre 1990 levels. UK faces a huge problem of reducing the carbon levels and emissions since it mostly relies on coal fired power plants and nuclear plants for power generation. For 2006, the total amount of Green House Gases - GHG emitted in UK was the equivalent of 7,076 million metric tons of CO2. It is estimated that from these emissions about 2344 Teragrams were due to CO2 emissions from the activities of standard and old electricity power grids (SmartGrid GB, 2012). Other than nuclear power, all other systems and plants generate excessive carbon. Domestic and household consumption in UK makes up for 60% of the power used while other users such as industries, utilities, offices and infrastructure consume the rest. Automobiles account for more than 75% of fossil fuel consumption (Williams, 2010). To promote the use of green and clean energy systems, the UK government has initiated a project that funds and supports s olar energy by residential homes (Bullis, 2012). The proposal is called ‘Feed In Tariff – FIT’. This project involves encouraging households to install small solar panels with solar PV that can generate electricity. The Department of Clean Energy of the UK government has provided a number of subsidies, concessions and other benefits to householders who install these units. The UK government plans to buy back the power generated from these units and give tax breaks or a reduction in the regular utility power consumed by the householders (Lewis, 2006; Lock, 2007). There are different categories of FIT users and this depends on the amount of installed capacity of the plants. The installed capacity in UK for solar energy was 1000 Mega Watts and this is about 0.001% of the UK power requirements. With the FIT program, the government wants to provide solar PV to around four million homes and this should help to generate 22,000 MW of clean energy. As per the Kyoto protoc ols, the UK government must generate at least 12% of the total power consumed by means of renewable energy (EPIA, 2011). The above sections have highlighted the ambitious program of UK government to meet the clean

The reorganization of Starbucks Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The reorganization of Starbucks - Research Paper Example From this research it is clear that Howard recruitment was informed by the need to reverse the trend where almost all the company figures were declining at an extremely fast rate. According to Howard, the root cause of the problem was the fact that Starbuck had lost its luxurious nature thereby losing the sense of uniqueness and high-end characteristics, and therefore became like any other commodity which could now be challenged by coffee outlets such as McDonald and even Dunkin Donut. According to Howard, this Starbucks experience could only be redeemed by refocusing not just on the customer experience but also rebuilding its heritage of innovation. It was his strong believe that Starbucks performance could only be reclaimed by getting back to what drove its past success, which no doubt was its relationship and focus on customers. That being the case, Howard, assumed office with a clear mind on what was expected of him. First, having being there not just in Starbucks’ good da ys but also in its most turbulent days preceding his recruitment, there was no doubt that he was the best placed person to turn it around. Noteworthy was also the fact that he was the builder of Starbucks brand and therefore best positioned to take Starbucks back to the path of innovation, while executing a radical organization-wide restructuring process. Re-igniting the emotional attachment that Starbucks enjoyed with its customers was arguably the greatest feat that Howard achieved in his turnaround effort of this entity. (Rushe, 2006). This is because this is all what was needed if Starbucks was to reclaim the uniqueness of its coffee and hence its brands image, which to Howard was the magic bullet for its financial woes. Howard also reasoned that the mushrooming of Starbucks stores literary in every nook and cranny was also to blame for the financial difficulties that the company was experiencing. It was in this regard that he initiated a program that saw a number of underperfor ming stores closed while others replaced with new ones in strategic locations where they could perform profitably, a process that enabled Starbucks to renew focus on what it referred to as store-level unit economics (Howard, & Gordon, 2011). Howard also believed that the company’s huge investment in socially responsible activities was not contributing to its revenue as would be expected. It is for this reason that he significantly cut the social responsible budget which in his opinion was not commensurate to the revenue it was generating while shifting those funds to other profitable ventures. Howard also restored a number of store design elements that had been lost along the way and which he believed were a major component of the Starbucks’ experience which he was keen to reclaim. Another benefit that his efforts in this regard bore was the accelerated expansion in the international front. This expansion saw the capital resource that was earmarked for Starbucks expans ion locally directed to store growth outside US, a move that improved Starbucks consolidated profitability immensely. Howard was also able to re-align its organization while streamlining its management in a way that better supported customer-focused programs. Lastly, Howard, radically changed the leadership organization of Starbucks, something that experts saw as highly risky especially bearing in mind the size of the company at the time and its stage in development. It is not in doubt

Venezuela Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Venezuela - Term Paper Example The history of Venezuela can be traced back to the fifteenth century when Christopher Columbus discovered the land in 1498 during his journey to the New World. Before Columbus however, other people also lived on the soil of Venezuela who were mostly involved in farming and hunting. The name Venezuela is derived from the word ‘Little Venice’ which came into existence after the arrival of Columbus in the region. Alonso de Ojeda visited the soil and named the land as Venezuela. In the 16th century Spain provided a charter to the Germans so that they could open a banking firm over the land. The charter however was later revoked and the Spaniards took over the region. Venezuela was a part of New Granada until the nineteenth century when it finally took independence from Spain in 1821 under Simon Bolivar (Boehm 1987; Unesco 1999). The government run in the republic of Venezuela is a federal form of government. Its constitution was formed in December 1999. In 1830 Venezuela separated from Colombia, Panama and Ecuador to become a sovereign state. The political rule in Venezuela has been very unstable since its independence. Dictatorial rule and revolutions have been witnessed in Venezuela in the 20th century. From 1908 to 1935 and from 1950-1958 there have been rules of dictators. However after 1958 the politics of the state has been run by civilians as after 1958 the military backed off from interfering in national politics. It was after the World War One that the Venezuelan government has focused more on its petroleum based economy which has helped in stabilizing the country’s economy.... It was after the corruption charges on President Perez that the situation of Venezuela started to become better. In December 1998 Hugo Chavez won the votes in the assembly to become the president of Venezuela. The nation has since then developed into a powerful ally of many countries and the political turmoil has come to a standstill in the country (U.S Department of State 2011). Current Situation Hugo Chavez is the President of Venezuela these days after he won his elections in 2006 by defeating Zulia Governor Manuel Rosales. He has since then implemented new laws such as Socialism in Venezuela. He has passed other laws related to airports, industries and roads ever since. The government of Venezuela has to face several problems in the recent years under Chavez’s government. The problem of energy can be cited as one of the problems that Venezuela is facing. Energy blackouts are one of the problems that Venezuela has been facing in the recent years and this has dampened their hopes of expanding their economy. Energy shortages can lead to the increase in the economic problems that the country is currently facing. Chavez has also provided the state with a declaration about the energy crisis and has implemented laws to fight off the energy problems (Starboek News 2010; U.S Department of State 2011). The government type currently followed in Venezuela is a federal type of government. The states of Venezuela maintain some sort of power in their authority and the voters are given the democracy to vote for their governmental representatives. The economy of Venezuela is run through the businesses revolving around the petroleum products. The major industry of Venezuela is oil which is being exported

The reorganization of Starbucks Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The reorganization of Starbucks - Research Paper Example From this research it is clear that Howard recruitment was informed by the need to reverse the trend where almost all the company figures were declining at an extremely fast rate. According to Howard, the root cause of the problem was the fact that Starbuck had lost its luxurious nature thereby losing the sense of uniqueness and high-end characteristics, and therefore became like any other commodity which could now be challenged by coffee outlets such as McDonald and even Dunkin Donut. According to Howard, this Starbucks experience could only be redeemed by refocusing not just on the customer experience but also rebuilding its heritage of innovation. It was his strong believe that Starbucks performance could only be reclaimed by getting back to what drove its past success, which no doubt was its relationship and focus on customers. That being the case, Howard, assumed office with a clear mind on what was expected of him. First, having being there not just in Starbucks’ good da ys but also in its most turbulent days preceding his recruitment, there was no doubt that he was the best placed person to turn it around. Noteworthy was also the fact that he was the builder of Starbucks brand and therefore best positioned to take Starbucks back to the path of innovation, while executing a radical organization-wide restructuring process. Re-igniting the emotional attachment that Starbucks enjoyed with its customers was arguably the greatest feat that Howard achieved in his turnaround effort of this entity. (Rushe, 2006). This is because this is all what was needed if Starbucks was to reclaim the uniqueness of its coffee and hence its brands image, which to Howard was the magic bullet for its financial woes. Howard also reasoned that the mushrooming of Starbucks stores literary in every nook and cranny was also to blame for the financial difficulties that the company was experiencing. It was in this regard that he initiated a program that saw a number of underperfor ming stores closed while others replaced with new ones in strategic locations where they could perform profitably, a process that enabled Starbucks to renew focus on what it referred to as store-level unit economics (Howard, & Gordon, 2011). Howard also believed that the company’s huge investment in socially responsible activities was not contributing to its revenue as would be expected. It is for this reason that he significantly cut the social responsible budget which in his opinion was not commensurate to the revenue it was generating while shifting those funds to other profitable ventures. Howard also restored a number of store design elements that had been lost along the way and which he believed were a major component of the Starbucks’ experience which he was keen to reclaim. Another benefit that his efforts in this regard bore was the accelerated expansion in the international front. This expansion saw the capital resource that was earmarked for Starbucks expans ion locally directed to store growth outside US, a move that improved Starbucks consolidated profitability immensely. Howard was also able to re-align its organization while streamlining its management in a way that better supported customer-focused programs. Lastly, Howard, radically changed the leadership organization of Starbucks, something that experts saw as highly risky especially bearing in mind the size of the company at the time and its stage in development. It is not in doubt

Background to Media Plan of Unpackaged Grocery Retailers Essay

Background to Media Plan of Unpackaged Grocery Retailers - Essay Example â€Å"Media planning  - is the choice of optimal channel advertising (advertising contacts), conducted in order to maximize the effectiveness of advertising campaigns† (What is a Media Plan? n.d.). Situation Analysis: About Unpackaged and its Products: Unpackaged, is an organic grocery store set up locally in North London in the year 2007. (Unpackaged: Using Less Wasteful Packaging n.d.). It makes use of the design which helps its local customers to purchase products using less wasteful packages, and thus helps them to remain more eco- friendly. Unpackaged sells environmentally friendly standard mass items such as grains, sugars, flours, spices, and the traditional grocery products like oil, milk, eggs, cheese, wine, and beer. â€Å"Unpackaged was founded in 2006 by Catherine Conway,† who recognized that it is important to work with designers to be more successful for the plan of alternative to supermarket shopping† (Unpackaged n.d.). With the aid of design agen cy Conway managed to develop a strong brand and certain new ways of shopping. Unpackaged began its operation â€Å"as a market stall at Exmouth Market† (Easy Tips to Being Greener (and Better off)! 2007) with Conway pointing out the type of grocery people like to buy loose and â€Å"lots of feedback from customers† (Diamond 2012) regarding the reasons behind to stay off from buying Unpackaged products. So they created a jar icon when they remain still in the small business in the market. The business still found it difficult to brand the organization as it removed the essential thing i.e. the vehicle for branding purpose: packaging. Later they designed a flyer that utilizes icons with the same ratios as the unpackaged jar to clarify how the new concept of shopping works. They moved from the stall into the retail shop in the market, and more versions of the icons in gold foil were put on the door, so that everybody who comes into the shop can effortlessly make out how i t will work. The movement of Unpackaged into a shop, intended for a new style of shopping, proved to be popular in the market. â€Å"The mantra of Unpackaged is: Reduce by only buying what you need, Reuse by bringing your containers for a refill, Recycle what you can’t reuse. And†¦ if you can’t reuse or recycle it then don’t buy it!† (Unpackaged Shopping without Packaging 2012). About the Market: The grocery market in UK

Strategies Of Internationalization In Hospitality Industry Tourism Essay

Strategies Of Internationalization In Hospitality Industry Tourism Essay Introduction to the Hospitality Industry The hospitality industry consists of wide category of fields within the service industry that includes lodging, restaurants, event planning, theme parks, transportation and tourism industry. The hospitality industry is a several billion dollar industry that mostly depends on the availability of leisure time and disposable income. A hospitality unit such as a restaurant, hotel, or even an enjoyment park consists of multiple groups such as facility maintenance, direct operations (servers, housekeepers, porters, kitchen workers, etc.), management, marketing, and human resources. The hospitality industry covers a wide range of organizations offering food service and accommodation. The industry is divided into sectors according to the skill-sets required for the work involved. Sectors include accommodation, food and beverage, meeting and events, gaming, entertainment and recreation, tourism services, and visitor information. Hospitality industries that profitably cater to the needs of customers better than the competition are more likely able to sustain competitive advantage over time.   Catering to customer needs is dominant to delivering desirable levels of customer satisfaction in the tourism industry.   The formula for executing this task is particularly fragile in tourism because of the heterogeneous and simultaneous nature of service production and consumption.   Tourism experiences are rarely, if ever, delivered without in-depth employee-customer interactions.   Thus, tourism experiences are people-intensive on both sides of the service fence.   Additionally, tourists tend to have higher expectations for hospitality and overall levels of service quality because their context is typically more emotionally charged.   An empowered workforce is a secret to success in these unique area employees who are inspired and enabled to make meaningful and suitable decisions close to customers in order to take care of important customer needs.   Internationalization is described as the process of expanding firm activities beyond the borders of its domestic markets. Historically, the primary motivation for internationalization among firms was the need to become more efficient. Efficiency in the context of the post-industrial revolution era is achieved when a firm becomes larger and thus generates economies of scale. Many firms searched for and found attractive markets in countries with higher market growth rates, developing consumer consumption, and growing discretionary income. Strategies of internationalization in hospitality industry There are several strategies of internationalization to gain more customer satisfaction n with effectively and efficiently. The development of computer technology, communication technology, and new means of transportation all served as vital enabling forces to internationalization. Today, internationalization has become one of the key concern of firms As barriers to international trade fall down in many parts of the world, managers become aware of new opportunities in an ever-changing global environment. For example, a uniform currency (the euro) is gaining a leading position within the European market, Eastern European markets are developing rapidly, Asian markets are opening to the world, and the world business population has reached the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT). International firms that consider all the elements in the geographic destination develop different strategies for each geographical market, each specially tailored for the specific market. Eg: In the area of express delivery services, Federal Express (FedEx) dominates the market in the Americas, yet in other markets, such as Europe, FedEx is not successful, and the market is dominated by DHL. Franchising agreements in which a franchiser grants a licensed privilege to a franchisee to do business. This may include permission to use a brand name, products, operating systems, central reservation systems, and more. Franchising is used by Hilton International as a component of its international strategy Management contracts in which management is separated from ownership, where a company can contract the management of its overseas operation to a management team in return for a fee. For a example: Sodehxo is one of the examples of a management contract company in the industry. Strategic alliances in which a connection or a partnership forms between two or more companies that can assistance from greater market coverage, economies of scope or scale, enlarged visibility for the brand name or minimized capital investment. One such example is the strategic alliance between Accor and the Japanese Hokke Group Joint venture, in which the multinational firm provides a partial equity stake to local businesses in order to secure their commitment to the agreement. Accor is actively involved in joint ventures in different Asian markets such as Korea, Vietnam, and Malaysia. Call Center Service Recovery means Telephone based customer service is the largest customer services channel in both North America, and Europe (The Editors 2007).   Call centers customer service volume is higher than electronic mail support service.Despite this lack of acknowledgement from call centers, there is a gap between the service provided and customer expectations. The Green strategy means industry perceptions and perspectives as a new market -driven business focus for gaining competitive advantages.All businesses no matter how benign or smart their operations are create some level of environmental harm. These impacts can be minimized or controlled by a adopting a well articulated firm-level green strategy. This require to green should not just be to address companywide environmental challenge but also a proactive strategy to stay on the right side of the regulation and for profitability. Issues and impacts of internationalization on hospitality industry Issues and impacts bring together the latest developments in international hospitality operations with the current management principles. It provides a truly international viewpoint on the hospitality and tourism industries and provides a fresh insight into hospitality and tourism management. Internationalization is a major trend for todays organizations. The services sector is also unquestionably becoming increasingly international in scope. A rapid Internationalization of world economy during the 1990s has increased the opportunities to export services and services are now the fastest growing part of international trade. Accelerated by their desire for growth and profit, incentives provided by the host governments, and a freer flow of capital throughout the world, hospitality organizations have discovered that their future survival and growth depend upon extending their services around the world. The hospitality industry is thus at the very core of international business. Hospitality companies therefore need to consider the implications of the global context in which they drive and must be prepared to address the questions that occur from this rapid changing environment. The Internationalization of business and lifestyles is characterized by communicating over huge distances in foreign languages, frequent travel to overseas countries, dealing in many currencies, and coping with a range of political and social systems, regulatory environments, cultures and customs. While these aspects of Internationalization of are easy to identify, understanding the underlying current and future trends can be analysis, however, reveals that a number of issues are reshaping the Internationalization hospitality industry, although there are clearly some complex questions that are still to be resolved: International spreading out with general product and brand position; Sales and marketing programs that fully capture global economies of scale; Organizational structures that tolerate delivery of services with local operational control; Cross-border employee training to support operations; and Use of the world capital markets as sources of funding. The Positive Impacts of Internationalization on the hospitality industry; 1. Exposure to different cultures: Due to the internationalization of the managers of hospitality industry, they would be able to gain knowledge of different cultures, as they get to fuse with people from different walks of life and thus, enhance their awareness. 2. Larger Market: Due to internationalization, the customer base has enlarged greatly. People travel not only for holidays, but business, health and various other purposes too. Thus, this has increased the market for the hospitality industry, which gets their major income from these international visitors. 3. Boosts the economy: As visitors come in and spend money it effects to the foreign exchange of the country and it gets increase. Thus it is of great value to the economy as internationalization helps to pump in money into the country. 4. Technology Advancement: Since one needs to attract as many tourists as possible, hospitality organizations frequently need to upgrade and improve their products and services. Example: Singapore Flyer, using faster and newer technology in hotels to so that the customer is satisfied. 5. Promotes Creativity: Organizations are continuously thinking of new and innovative ideas to draw more tourists. 6. More Job Opportunities: Due to internationalization, more visitors come into the country and thus more people will be required to serve and cater to their needs. So, with the arrival of internationalization, there are lot of more jobs opportunities for people within the areas which hospitality industries are located. 7. Boosts the Travel Industry: Due to internationalization more people travel around the countries. To facilitate this, the tours and travels industry require to develop as well. People who come into the country by air, ship or land, will use the transport services obtainable as well. 8. Variety of International Services / Cuisines: Since there are lot of diverse visitors from various cultures, traditions, cuisines, and languages, the hospitality industry includes recipes and various other services to cater to them. These services will be available to the locals too, which makes it even better. The negative impacts of internationalization on the hospitality industry; Language Barriers: Due to internationalization, the hospitality Industry can make use of people from different countries as it is usually cheaper. They may sometimes have troubles in communicating with the customers. Many customers get quite incensed as a result of this. Cultural Barriers: As there are people from a mixture of cultures, one needs to be watchful not to offend them. For Example, a muslim will not eat pork one needs to make sure not serve food which contains pork. (Unless specifically asked). Whats acceptable by one culture may be frowned upon by another. Events/Disasters in other Countries: A disaster or incident taking place in one country may affect to the country (the home country) also. For example, the financial crisis makes less people want to spend money or travel; due to increase in terrorism some visitors get are not ready to travel to certain countries. Seasonal Employment: During climax periods, a lot of jobs are available in some industries, but as soon as the tourists go back to their countries, the jobs get disappeared as well. For example: Goa India; the locals in Goa get their revenue only during the climax season, (Dec- Feb and April July) In other seasons, they have no jobs and no earnings. Growth of the Communication Technology: Due to international barriers, there has been a constant growth in the use of technology for communication (through the internet, voice recordings). This removes the human touch. Developing Countries: Countries that are unable to keep up with the advancement in technology tend to lose out. Example: Africa does not have the infrastructure or technology as yet to welcome a large amount of foreign visitors, though it does have a lot of natural attractions. To increase the flow, it would have to improve conditions; otherwise tourists have a vast sea of areas to choose from. Increase in Crime Rate: With the increase in tourists, crimes increase too. Example: pick-pocketing, hustling, rape, smuggling. Bad Habits: People from other countries sometimes influence the local youth in a bad way. Increase in drugs and promiscuous behavior, etc Integration of the hospitality industry To offer a better customer service and keep loyal client come back todays hospitality industry require integration system. Thereby they can maintain their controls and improve their business. To have a smooth running integration system can aid organizations with a sustainable competitive advantage by improving product quality and service while reducing cost. Good performance and a high-quality, sustainable product can also help a company to reduce the risk of conflict or problems with suppliers, governments, staff and local communities, and improve its status as a respected partner in destinations. This may mean enhanced access to key business resources such as capital, the ability to develop products to meet growing market demand, improved relationships with governments, and a motivated and loyal staff. Eg: The computer software is a combination of various modules, which cater to the various aspects of hotel management. It including with hotel staff management, hotel reservation and hotel accounting are taken care of by the different modules in a single software unit. Many software companies have gathered more areas of hotel management into their software. All the operations like bookings, billings, reservations, check-ins, checkouts and etc, are available on screen and can do within few clicks of mouse. Therefore, taken as a whole, efficiency of the hotel staff and the management system is increased. Clients can reserve the rooms and other services through the hotel website directly. There is no room for any third party connection in this events.. However, there are some advantages in this integration as follows; It leads to reduction of transportation costs as the common ownership results in closer geographic proximity. The transaction costs can be controlled if a firm acquires the other firms in the vertical chain, then one division of the same company will transfer goods to other divisions. So, transaction costs in form of transport, cost of negotiation, cost of control etc. will be eliminated. The overall average cost of the firm will decline because if the divisions are under same management control then there will be in house supply and departmental heads will determine the transfer price. An example could be pokarna granites limited. The company was established in 1991 as a partnership firm quarrying black galaxy granite in India. Transportation of granite to factories where they can be cut and polished is quite difficult. Since that time, the company has grown to a major quarrier and fabricator of stones from India and around the world. From the very beginning, the company has believed in vertical integration. They begin with the finest raw materials, invariably from their very own quarries, assuring consistent, high quality suppliers. If a firm purchases semi finished goods from an outside source then the work culture will be different and there are chances of dispute regarding terms and conditions of supply or if the outside supplier makes breach of contract and does not supply the goods on time then the firm can not fulfil its commitment to the third party and the goodwill of a firm will come to an end. Organizational inferences; If the supplier supplying the raw materials to a firm is big, in terms of size and structure, then it will dictate the terms and conditions. On the other hand if an in-house source is used then there will be no market variation and the supplier can not impose any unfavorable conditions. We can split the benefits of integration into short-term or static gains and more long-term dynamic gains.    The establishment of the Single market within Europe has led to significant gains for the participating member states. The removal of internal market barriers and the harmonization of national regulations are expected to lead to an increase in trade and reductions in cost. Conclusion Taken as a whole, Internationalization and integration are two major parts which leads to the growth of the Hospitality Industry and their impacts directly involve to the evolutionary change in the Industry.